This month I will start with a big thank you to quite a lot of people. My first post got tremendous feedback. I had >10 000 page hits for my blog and >20 000 hits for my Youtube videos. Thank you all for paying attention. If you want to support me leave feedback and suggestions in the comments. If you have any ideas for cool experiments that migt be possible with 20 LEDs tell me. If you implement cool stuff with my shield tell me as well. I will be more than happy to post about it.
One of the results of those high click counts was an automatic email by Youtube. This mail pointed out that I might make some money by adding advertisements to my videos. However I do not want to annoy any fellow tinkerers with commercials. So I did not implement this offer. If you like my work and appreciate my stance tell others about my site.
In order to boost my chances to win a laser cutter give away contest I thought about doing something spectacular with the Blinkenlight shield and some laser. After all the overall background of the contest seems to be laser affine.
The idea I came up with was to measure the speed of light. Or to be more precise its time of flight. Of course using a Blinkenlight shield with a setup similar to the LED camera experiment. I know that this light detection mechanism is far from optimal but I insist to do it that way just for the sake of it.
I am fully aware that there are simpler means of determining the speed of light. One of them so easy to pull of that even a child with a microwave oven and a chocolate bar can determine it. See the video below for this feat.
But back to my approach. My idea was to use the Arduino to pulse a laser and detect the light with my shield. That is the laser would be sitting side by side with the shield and aim at a mirror. Then I would move the mirror further and further away and measure how the time of flight increases. Sounds simple enough but there a many issues with this approach. But challenges just add to the size of the victory so lets see which obstacles I met.
First the obvious obstacles. The Arduino runs at 16 MHz. Since the speed of light is about 299,792,458 m/s this implies that it will travel about 18,73m per clock cycle. Also I know that my shield is not very sensitive and picks up a lot of noise. Seems like a bad start. But others have succeeded with even worse setup. There is some experiment that even succeeded in using “ping” to measure the speed of light. The key is a technique also known as stochastic resonance.
Thus in theory my setup should succeed to measure time of flight even for distances below 20m. This is great because it would not require an outdoor setup. It would only require to create lots of measurements. Excellent. So on with the next issue. I searched for some old laser pointer and tried how fast my shield could actually detect it. It turned out that it did NOT detect it all. Basically it was blind with regard to this laser pointer. After some minutes with Google I found that this is because my LEDs are orange and the laser pointer is red. With other words: the wavelength of the laser was longer than the wave length of the LEDs. In order for the LEDs to detect anything the light must have a shorter or equal wavelength than they emit. Bad news.
Who cares if a laser cutter is at stake? So I clicked *bay and ordered a green laser pointer module. These things are pretty cheap nowadays. Three days later I had a new green module and alas this module’s output can be detected by my shield.
The next issue is that this module wants to be fed with 3-3.6V and will draw about ~300mA. I looked up my parts bin and found some suitable transistor and slapped together the following simple driver circuit. Notice the diode. It serves the only purpose to make the whole thing suitable for 5V. This is somewhat poor design, a resistor would have been better but I did not have a suitable resistor at hand. Anyway I did not intent the circuit for continuous use but for pulsed duty. So this should be fine.
Then I went to the basement to solder the whole thing. My lesson in dealing with green laser modules: if they are round they can roll of the bench, hit the concrete floor and break. This is what the module did 😦 Fortunately I was able to fix this with generous use of hot glue. See the final result below.
As a first test I hooked this to an Arduino running a bouncing ball sketch.
As you can see I use the old 1.1 prototype. This is because I had already soldered some headers to it thus this was the most convenient shield for connecting the module. As you can see the laser driver works fine.
Then I figured that there will be some significant beam divergence and alignment issues. My idea is to compensate this by two means: 1) use a lens and 2) compensate in software. That is will measure the detection time if the laser is already on. Then I will switch of the laser, precharge the detector, turn it back on and measure the time till the detector trips. Since the laser should always take the same time to activate and since the detector should always take the same time to trip the difference should be caused by the time of flight. Of course there will be lots of “noise” but this I will tackle by stochastic means.
So here is the sketch for my setup.
// // www.blinkenlight.net // // Copyright 2011 Udo Klein // // This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify // it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by // the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or // (at your option) any later version. // // This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the // GNU General Public License for more details. // // You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License // along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/ // this fails, probably because enabling input capture will bias pin 8 to low /* excerpts from the Atmel Datasheet 113: The PRTIM1 bit in ”PRR – Power Reduction Register” on page 45 must be written to zero to enable Timer/Counter1 module. 114: Interrupt requests (abbreviated to Int.Req. in the figure) signals are all visible in the Timer Interrupt Flag Register (TIFR1). All interrupts are individually masked with the Timer Interrupt Mask Register (TIMSK1). TIFR1 and TIMSK1 are not shown in the figure. 118: The Timer/Counter can be clocked by an internal or an external clock source. The clock source is selected by the Clock Select logic which is controlled by the Clock Select (CS12:0) bits located in the Timer/Counter control Register B (TCCR1B). For details on clock sources and prescaler, see ”Timer/Counter0 and Timer/Counter1 Prescalers” on page 141. 119: Depending on the mode of operation used, the counter is cleared, incremented, or decremented at each timer clock (clkT1). The clkT1 can be generated from an external or internal clock source, selected by the Clock Select bits (CS12:0). When no clock source is selected (CS12:0 = 0) the timer is stopped. However, the TCNT1 value can be accessed by the CPU, independent of whether clkT1 is present or not. A CPU write overrides (has priority over) all counter clear or count operations. The counting sequence is determined by the setting of the Waveform Generation mode bits (WGM13:0) located in the Timer/Counter Control Registers A and B (TCCR1A and TCCR1B). There are close connections between how the counter behaves (counts) and how waveforms are generated on the Output Compare outputs OC1x. For more details about advanced counting sequences and waveform generation, see ”Modes of Operation” on page 125. 120: When a change of the logic level (an event) occurs on the Input Capture pin (ICP1), alternatively on the Analog Comparator output (ACO), and this change confirms to the setting of the edge detector, a capture will be triggered. When a capture is triggered, the 16-bit value of the counter (TCNT1) is written to the Input Capture Register (ICR1). The Input Capture Flag (ICF1) is set at the same system clock as the TCNT1 value is copied into ICR1 Register. If enabled (ICIE1 = 1), the Input Capture Flag generates an Input Capture interrupt. The ICF1 Flag is automatically cleared when the interrupt is executed. Alternatively the ICF1 Flag can be cleared by software by writing a logical one to its I/O bit location. 121: An Input Capture can be triggered by software by controlling the port of the ICP1 pin. The main challenge when using the Input Capture unit is to assign enough processor capacity for handling the incoming events. The time between two events is critical. If the processor has not read the captured value in the ICR1 Register before the next event occurs, the ICR1 will be overwritten with a new value. In this case the result of the capture will be incorrect. 125: The simplest mode of operation is the Normal mode (WGM13:0 = 0). In this mode the counting direction is always up (incrementing), and no counter clear is performed. The counter simply overruns when it passes its maximum 16-bit value (MAX = 0xFFFF) and then restarts from the BOTTOM (0x0000). In normal operation the Timer/Counter Overflow Flag (TOV1) will be set in the same timer clock cycle as the TCNT1 becomes zero. The TOV1 Flag in this case behaves like a 17th bit, except that it is only set, not cleared. However, combined with the timer overflow interrupt that automatically clears the TOV1 Flag, the timer resolution can be increased by software. There are no special cases to consider in the Normal mode, a new counter value can be written anytime. The Input Capture unit is easy to use in Normal mode. However, observe that the maximum interval between the external events must not exceed the resolution of the counter. If the interval between events are too long, the timer overflow Register setup: TCCR1A: COM1A1 COM1A0 COM1B1 COM1B0 - - WGM11 WGM10 := 0 0 0 0 - - 0 0 --> normal port operation for OC1A/B, normal timer operations TCCR1B: ICNC1 ICES1 0 WGM13 WGM12 CS12 CS11 CS10 := 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 --> no noise canceller, trigger on rising edge, normal timer operations, clock prescaler := 1 TCC1C: FOC1A FOC1B 0 0 0 0 0 0 := 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --> no output compare TIMSK1: - - ICIE1 - - OCIE1B OCIE1A TOIE1 := 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 --> input capture interrupt enable, no counter interrupts, overflow interrupt enable TIFR1: - - ICF1 - - OCF1B OCF1A TOV1 --> flags that indicate input capture, counter matches, timer overflow ICF1 is automatically cleared when the Input Capture Interrupt Vector is executed. Alternatively, ICF1 can be cleared by writing a logic one to its bit location. TOV1 is automatically cleared when the Timer/Counter1 Overflow Interrupt Vector is executed. Alternatively, TOV1 can be cleared by writing a logic one to its bit location. GTCCR: TSM - - - - - PRASY PRSYNC := 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --> run the prescalers */ // Laser pin definition, Pin 19/ PORTC Pin 5 will be used to control the laser module. // There is nothing really special about pin 19 except that it is very easily // identified because it is at the edge of the Arduino board. #define LASER_PORT PORTC #define LASER_DDR DDRC #define LASER_PIN 5 // Input capture pin definition, Pin 8, PORTB, Pin 0 will be used to // to connect the sensor. This pin is special because it is connected // to the input capture unit of timer 1. Also it is NOT externally connected // to some pull up/down resistor or FTDI chip or anything else. #define SENSOR_PORT PORTB #define SENSOR_DDR DDRB #define SENSOR_PIN 0 // will be used to store the output of the measurement after input capture is triggered // 32 bit on purpose to be able to also indicate overflow volatile uint32_t timer_value = 0; ISR(TIMER1_CAPT_vect ) { // Timer1 input capture // if statement needed to always capture the first input capture event if (timer_value == 0) { // read input capture register timer_value = ICR1; } } void laser_on() { LASER_PORT = 1 << LASER_PIN; } void laser_off() { LASER_PORT = 0 << LASER_PIN; } void init_laser() { laser_off(); LASER_DDR = 1 << LASER_PIN; } void precharge_sensor_pin() { SENSOR_DDR = 1 << SENSOR_PIN; } void float_sensor_pin() { SENSOR_DDR = 0 << SENSOR_PIN; } void init_sensor_pin() { precharge_sensor_pin(); SENSOR_PORT = 0 << SENSOR_PIN; } void start_measurement() { TCCR1B = (1 << ICES1); // stop timer1 but still have input capture edge detection to "rising" TIMSK1 = 0x00; // disable all timer1 interrupts TIFR1 = 0xff; // clear all timer1 interrupt flags precharge_sensor_pin(); // settle sensor pin + Laser delayMicroseconds(100); // must not use delay as delay() relies on timer0 // reset timer and input capture values TCNT1 = 0; ICR1 = 0; timer_value = 0; TCCR1B = (1 << ICES1 ) | (1 << CS10); // release timer1, input capture on rising edge, clock prescaler = 1 TIMSK1 = (1 << ICIE1); // enable timer1 input capture interrupt float_sensor_pin(); } uint16_t evaluate_measurement() { // wait till a measurement is is available while (!timer_value) {} return timer_value; } void setup() { // enable serial communication Serial.begin(115200); Serial.println("\n"); Serial.println("go"); // stop ALL timers, especially timer0 TCCR0B = 0; // stop timer0 TCCR1B = 0; // stop timer1 TCCR2B = 0; // stop timer2 // setup timer 1 TCCR1A = 0; // normal operation TCCR1C = 0; // no output compare GTCCR = 0; // ensure prescalers (and thus timer1) are not halted init_laser(); init_sensor_pin(); } void loop() { // time of flight measurement laser_off(); start_measurement(); laser_on(); uint16_t time_of_flight = evaluate_measurement(); // offset measurement start_measurement(); uint16_t time_offset = evaluate_measurement(); laser_off(); // reduce the laser's duty cycle to avoid overheating it delayMicroseconds(1000); // must not use delay as delay() relies on timer0 // output happens while the laser is off // this is to reduce the duty cycle of the laser even further static uint32_t counter = 0; ++counter; const char separator = ','; int32_t delta = (int32_t)time_of_flight - (int32_t)time_offset; Serial.print(counter); Serial.print(separator); Serial.print(time_offset); Serial.print(separator); Serial.print(time_of_flight); Serial.print(separator); Serial.println(delta); if (counter % 1000 == 0) { for (uint16_t i=0; i < 1000; ++i) { delayMicroseconds(1000); } } }
Unfortunately it is not that simple. Here is some of the data that I acquired. It turns out that the whole setup is VERY temperature sensitive. All solid state lasers have protective circuitry to prevent them from burning out. As my analysis revealed this is a major obstacle for my approach. Here is a piece of the data that I captured.
200000,6630,47315,40685 200001,7922,56485,48563 200002,6896,64339,57443 200003,6878,60587,53709 200004,6932,59359,52427 200005,6924,58529,51605 200006,6864,57703,50839 200007,6796,57101,50305 200008,6746,56550,49804 200009,6644,56135,49491 200010,6564,55631,49067 200011,6476,55257,48781 200012,6396,54889,48493 200013,6332,54380,48048 200014,6298,54091,47793 200015,6280,54011,47731 200016,6164,53531,47367 200017,6140,53386,47246 200018,6116,53139,47023 200019,6088,52938,46850 200020,6060,52658,46598 200021,6042,52536,46494 200022,6026,52308,46282 200023,6024,52061,46037 200024,5990,52042,46052 200025,5998,51790,45792 200026,5996,51645,45649 200027,5986,51459,45473 200028,5982,51328,45346 200029,5990,51179,45189 200030,5996,51067,45071 200031,5982,50955,44973 200032,6004,50805,44801 200033,6000,50731,44731 200034,6004,50675,44671 200035,6014,50558,44544 200036,6026,50474,44448 200037,6032,50339,44307 200038,6040,50231,44191 200039,6040,50157,44117 200040,6042,50099,44057 200041,6060,49959,43899 200042,6088,49875,43787 200043,6084,49816,43732 200044,6094,49722,43628 200045,6098,49709,43611 200046,6110,49648,43538 200047,6108,49576,43468 200048,6098,49573,43475 200049,6144,49471,43327 200050,6136,49438,43302 200051,6152,49336,43184 200052,6154,49359,43205 200053,6172,49256,43084 200054,6158,49205,43047 200055,6172,49217,43045 200056,6186,49119,42933 200057,6196,49116,42920 200058,6224,49046,42822 200059,6200,48990,42790 200060,6214,48994,42780 200061,6210,48962,42752 200062,6252,48827,42575 200063,6240,48878,42638 200064,6252,48813,42561 200065,6248,48738,42490 200066,6256,48797,42541 200067,6250,48747,42497 200068,6264,48733,42469 200069,6264,48673,42409 200070,6280,48617,42337 200071,6282,48666,42384 200072,6290,48603,42313 200073,6284,48612,42328 200074,6308,48561,42253 200075,6298,48518,42220 200076,6304,48547,42243 200077,6340,48470,42130 200078,6326,48454,42128 200079,6322,48481,42159 200080,6346,48411,42065 200081,6336,48393,42057 200082,6348,48388,42040 200083,6354,48360,42006 200084,6350,48318,41968 200085,6378,48299,41921 200086,6354,48309,41955 200087,6368,48323,41955 200088,6374,48266,41892 200089,6374,48211,41837 200090,6402,48299,41897 200091,6376,48206,41830 200092,6396,48206,41810 200093,6382,48239,41857 200094,6396,48183,41787 200095,6388,48155,41767 200096,6402,48117,41715 200097,6396,48113,41717 200098,6452,48048,41596 200099,6424,48071,41647 200100,6416,48033,41617 200101,6418,48029,41611 200102,6446,47943,41497 200103,6424,48099,41675 200104,6452,48001,41549 200105,6430,48024,41594 200106,6434,48001,41567 200107,6434,48010,41576 200108,6448,47959,41511 200109,6466,48033,41567 200110,6452,47854,41402 200111,6448,48005,41557 200112,6444,47959,41515 200113,6474,47945,41471 200114,6457,48015,41558 200115,6462,47903,41441 200116,6472,47912,41440 200117,6462,47879,41417 200118,6508,47901,41393 200119,6460,47866,41406 200120,6472,47889,41417 200121,6514,47763,41249 200122,6476,47889,41413 200123,6488,47893,41405 200124,6516,47823,41307 200125,6466,47856,41390 200126,6518,47749,41231 200127,6480,47870,41390 200128,6476,47823,41347 200129,6508,47739,41231 200130,6522,47786,41264 200131,6494,47772,41278 200132,6550,47847,41297 200133,6504,47758,41254 200134,6508,47730,41222 200135,6500,47809,41309 200136,6508,47772,41264 200137,6508,47786,41278 200138,6532,47744,41212 200139,6532,47749,41217 200140,6573,47688,41115 200141,6508,47707,41199 200142,6522,47711,41189 200143,6516,47721,41205 200144,6532,47721,41189 200145,6528,47679,41151 200146,6508,47716,41208 200147,6518,47707,41189 200148,6528,47733,41205 200149,6531,47663,41132 200150,6528,47674,41146 200151,6536,47688,41152 200152,6508,47693,41185 200153,6536,47679,41143 200154,6546,47660,41114 200155,6544,47693,41149 200156,6546,47679,41133 200157,6528,47609,41081 200158,6532,47669,41137 200159,6532,47665,41133 200160,6564,47628,41064 200161,6528,47609,41081 200162,6546,47576,41030 200163,6564,47646,41082 200164,6584,47553,40969 200165,6586,47581,40995 200166,6546,47544,40998 200167,6532,47632,41100 200168,6536,47641,41105 200169,6564,47607,41043 200170,6536,47543,41007 200171,6528,47632,41104 200172,6560,47539,40979 200173,6546,47623,41077 200174,6570,47609,41039 200175,6564,47516,40952 200176,6544,47651,41107 200177,6574,47537,40963 200178,6572,47576,41004 200179,6586,47510,40924 200180,6574,47595,41021 200181,6544,47562,41018 200182,6550,47580,41030 200183,6612,47497,40885 200184,6570,47562,40992 200185,6564,47557,40993 200186,6584,47492,40908 200187,6570,47520,40950 200188,6586,47506,40920 200189,6544,47590,41046 200190,6578,47497,40919 200191,6564,47557,40993 200192,6572,47525,40953 200193,6574,47506,40932 200194,6616,47571,40955 200195,6584,47497,40913 200196,6598,47576,40978 200197,6564,47459,40895 200198,6578,47510,40932 200199,6584,47518,40934 200200,6584,47529,40945 200201,6564,47553,40989 200202,6588,47473,40885 200203,6578,47515,40937 200204,6586,47539,40953 200205,6592,47488,40896 200206,6592,47553,40961 200207,6574,47487,40913 200208,6574,47539,40965 200209,6570,47464,40894 200210,6598,47515,40917 200211,6578,47487,40909 200212,6578,47497,40919 200213,6588,47492,40904 200214,6570,47539,40969 200215,6602,47473,40871 200216,6578,47445,40867 200217,6560,47525,40965 200218,6574,47431,40857 200219,6602,47483,40881 200220,6578,47434,40856 200221,6556,47529,40973 200222,6564,47469,40905 200223,6584,47511,40927 200224,6564,47515,40951 200225,6598,47473,40875 200226,6578,47490,40912 200227,6578,47469,40891 200228,6578,47492,40914 200229,6604,47445,40841 200230,6564,47515,40951 200231,6574,47469,40895 200232,6560,47529,40969 200233,6588,47426,40838 200234,6578,47450,40872 200235,6572,47436,40864 200236,6550,47529,40979 200237,6578,47455,40877 200238,6570,47468,40898 200239,6606,47487,40881 200240,6564,47455,40891 200241,6602,47453,40851 200242,6592,47436,40844 200243,6602,47434,40832 200244,6584,47469,40885 200245,6584,47478,40894 200246,6606,47473,40867 200247,6572,47413,40841 200248,6588,47483,40895 200249,6578,47450,40872 200250,6574,47427,40853 200251,6612,47441,40829 200252,6616,47436,40820 200253,6642,47385,40743 200254,6532,47487,40955 200255,6600,47441,40841 200256,6586,47467,40881 200257,6574,47413,40839 200258,6558,47483,40925 200259,6546,47469,40923 200260,6564,47425,40861 200261,6574,47478,40904 200262,6556,47478,40922 200263,6588,47404,40816 200264,6634,47397,40763 200265,6606,47441,40835 200266,6570,47459,40889 200267,6578,47403,40825 200268,6616,47408,40792 200269,6574,47467,40893 200270,6586,47375,40789 200271,6598,47483,40885 200272,6588,47431,40843 200273,6578,47455,40877 200274,6592,47439,40847 200275,6588,47399,40811 200276,6614,47417,40803 200277,6612,47371,40759 200278,6546,47497,40951 200279,6592,47453,40861 200280,6560,47422,40862 200281,6598,47385,40787 200282,6584,47450,40866 200283,6570,47417,40847 200284,6620,47399,40779 200285,6584,47380,40796 200286,6574,47511,40937 200287,6584,47441,40857 200288,6597,47413,40816 200289,6606,47375,40769 200290,6586,47417,40831 200291,6584,47389,40805 200292,6602,47371,40769 200293,6586,47464,40878 200294,6592,47338,40746 200295,6614,47497,40883 200296,6588,47425,40837 200297,6634,47389,40755 200298,6574,47390,40816 200299,6600,47431,40831 200300,6564,47425,40861 200301,6574,47417,40843 200302,6606,47385,40779 200303,6576,47441,40865 200304,6558,47436,40878 200305,6574,47431,40857 200306,6618,47427,40809 200307,6586,47389,40803 200308,6592,47389,40797 200309,6578,47445,40867 200310,6588,47380,40792 200311,6592,47455,40863 200312,6592,47408,40816 200313,6592,47399,40807 200314,6600,47408,40808 200315,6574,47380,40806 200316,6584,47441,40857 200317,6612,47389,40777 200318,6588,47422,40834 200319,6560,47408,40848 200320,6586,47371,40785 200321,6574,47427,40853 200322,6588,47389,40801 200323,6592,47392,40800 200324,6600,47375,40775 200325,6602,47427,40825 200326,6588,47361,40773 200327,6628,47380,40752 200328,6592,47308,40716 200329,6614,47417,40803 200330,6592,47350,40758 200331,6612,47413,40801 200332,6606,47357,40751 200333,6598,47413,40815 200334,6578,47408,40830 200335,6620,47352,40732 200336,6598,47432,40834 200337,6578,47394,40816 200338,6592,47389,40797 200339,6578,47413,40835 200340,6600,47389,40789 200341,6556,47425,40869 200342,6562,47403,40841 200343,6630,47366,40736 200344,6588,47385,40797 200345,6588,47357,40769 200346,6600,47394,40794 200347,6614,47343,40729 200348,6639,47441,40802 200349,6584,47333,40749 200350,6592,47352,40760 200351,6584,47413,40829 200352,6620,47366,40746 200353,6564,47380,40816 200354,6578,47385,40807 200355,6588,47357,40769 200356,6570,47481,40911 200357,6605,47343,40738 200358,6574,47399,40825 200359,6592,47329,40737 200360,6602,47411,40809 200361,6633,47427,40794 200362,6606,47319,40713 200363,6588,47389,40801 200364,6564,47399,40835 200365,6584,47375,40791 200366,6578,47417,40839 200367,6592,47383,40791 200368,6598,47413,40815 200369,6584,47422,40838 200370,6606,47338,40732 200371,6578,47385,40807 200372,6620,47361,40741 200373,6602,47361,40759 200374,6616,47299,40683 200375,6598,47355,40757 200376,6602,47385,40783 200377,6574,47361,40787 200378,6620,47397,40777 200379,6570,47399,40829 200380,6588,47357,40769 200381,6620,47431,40811 200382,6570,47380,40810 200383,6578,47357,40779 200384,6614,47380,40766 200385,6598,47348,40750 200386,6574,47422,40848 200387,6588,47369,40781 200388,6578,47343,40765 200389,6598,47390,40792 200390,6630,47366,40736 200391,6592,47347,40755 200392,6564,47425,40861 200393,6614,47389,40775 200394,6598,47338,40740 200395,6588,47431,40843 200396,6592,47329,40737 200397,6606,47371,40765 200398,6586,47394,40808 200399,6564,47375,40811 200400,6598,47385,40787 200401,6628,47350,40722 200402,6598,47347,40749 200403,6592,47411,40819 200404,6606,47329,40723 200405,6560,47394,40834 200406,6588,47361,40773 200407,6586,47380,40794 200408,6574,47389,40815 200409,6612,47324,40712 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202993,6592,47329,40737 202994,6592,47315,40723 202995,6616,47315,40699 202996,6644,47319,40675 202997,6612,47357,40745 202998,6602,47272,40670 202999,6584,47324,40740 203000,6628,47343,40715 203001,7936,56504,48568 203002,6942,64264,57322 203003,6952,60599,53647 203004,6956,59373,52417 203005,6922,58556,51634 203006,6868,57754,50886 203007,6826,56919,50093 203008,6745,56643,49898 203009,6657,56102,49445 203010,6546,55705,49159 203011,6504,55276,48772 203012,6382,54837,48455 203013,6359,54623,48264 203014,6318,54278,47960 203015,6290,53946,47656 203016,6214,53727,47513 203017,6152,53325,47173 203018,6129,53195,47066 203019,6088,52957,46869 203020,6060,52742,46682 203021,6052,52597,46545 203022,6032,52311,46279 203023,6010,52163,46153 203024,6010,51967,45957 203025,5996,51823,45827 203026,5990,51617,45627 203027,6000,51482,45482 203028,6004,51328,45324 203029,5990,51254,45264 203030,5970,51081,45111 203031,5986,51025,45039 203032,5986,50908,44922 203033,5986,50768,44782 203034,6018,50619,44601 203035,6014,50563,44549 203036,6038,50451,44413 203037,6028,50381,44353 203038,6024,50320,44296 203039,6038,50152,44114 203040,6056,50175,44119 203041,6046,50045,43999 203042,6060,49975,43915 203043,6080,49849,43769 203044,6088,49807,43719 203045,6098,49749,43651 203046,6112,49629,43517 203047,6102,49651,43549 203048,6122,49536,43414 203049,6130,49476,43346 203050,6140,49447,43307 203051,6144,49387,43243 203052,6150,49321,43171 203053,6172,49284,43112 203054,6178,49233,43055 203055,6172,49209,43037 203056,6196,49163,42967 203057,6196,49116,42920 203058,6220,49079,42859 203059,6196,49060,42864 203060,6214,48981,42767 203061,6224,48939,42715 203062,6237,48962,42725 203063,6242,48878,42636 203064,6252,48825,42573 203065,6242,48853,42611 203066,6256,48784,42528 203067,6252,48747,42495 203068,6270,48687,42417 203069,6284,48710,42426 203070,6284,48663,42379 203071,6298,48617,42319 203072,6298,48668,42370 203073,6292,48589,42297 203074,6298,48635,42337 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Here is a plot of it over time.
As you can see detection time varies with run time. That is it varies with the heat build up in the laser circuit. This effect is very pronounced. It dominates any time of flight effects. At first glance it looked quite good but deeper analysis showed that the temperature dependency really dominates everything else. Basically I am stuck here. Several options come to mind: (1) get better temperature control. (2) gather way more measurements. (3) modify the laser module such that it will run at lower power but with much less sensitivity for temperature. But all of them are somewhat out of the reach for just some weekends.
Thus now I am stuck with a not yet successful experiment. Since my goal was to add an experiment per month I added an improved version of my persistence of vision experiment. Not a really big deal but at least something that works 🙂
So here is my question for all who read my blog: what are your proposals to fix the time of flight experiment?
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Hmm… Seems like you need to know when the beam actually leaves the laser. Maybe try 2 sensors/shields with a distance between them. That way you can correlate the 2 values and determine the trigger time?
My idea is to measure with different distances and then to use linear regression to factor out the rise time of the laser. However right now the temperature impact is way to large.
Instead of pulsing the laser on and off, perhaps you can leave it on and use a spinning disk with a narrow slot to gate the beam. That way the laser can be in a steady state condition.
You will of course have to sync it somehow. Possibly by sensing a drop in reflected (off the spinning disk) laser light.
Yes, this is a classical approach. However my idea was to use a deliberately simple hardware setup. At least simple for a computer hacker. Thus I would prefer to avoid mechanical means. The point in my experiment is not to measure speed of light but to do it with the Blinkenlight shield. Not because it is the best way but because I want to push the limits of what can be achieved with 20 LEDs (and a laser of course 😉
For the laser, it looks like you’re using a DPSS module based on the shape and the color. Can you try a simple diode laser ~650NM? Aixiz sells them for dirt cheap online and on eBay. I’m guessing that cutting out the NLO in the DPSS and simplifying the device will improve the repeatability of your results. I’ve found that the output changes significantly based on the temperature of the optics as well as the quality of the beam.
Sorry, I missed the wavelength part. You can also order blu-ray diodes (~405nm) that don’t have the messy NLO that a dpss does.
This is interesting. I was completely ignoring the fact that blue lasers are NOT dpss. I already ordered a blue laser at *bay. Let’s see how far this will get me. Thanks a lot for this valuable insight!
Maybe you can add a rotating mirror just before the LEDs to increase its sensitivity. I recently disassembled a Laser printer and saw a hex-sided mirror assembly that gave me the idea. In your case, the light would exit the laser, hit and reflect off of the mirror, then reflect back. It would then strike the new hex-sided mirror, and finally enter one of the LEDs. As the hex-sided mirror spins the light would enter each LED in succession, from left to right. You would adjust he motor speed so that all the LEDs are used. I can imagine the results “folding back” to multiples of the LED strip length, thus imposing a range of allowable distances. You might be able to precisely stop/position the hex-sided mirror such that the light enters a single LED continuously as to retain the current behavior.
Yes, folding back to increase the length is a good idea. However this will not address the heat build up issue. I will have to resolve this first.
I’ve noticed my mobile phone becomes very cold when mounted on the dash in front of the aircon vent. Could put your experiment in this position and shoot the laser out of a car window which has been rolled down.
Interesting approch but unfortunately it will not solve my issue. The heat build up is inside the laser control circuit. I might be able to even this out by running the experiment for days in a temperature controlled environment. But this would defer the idea of having a “simple” setup.
Do you have access to a deep freeze or at least a fridge? It offers a very cold, very dark place to run the experiment.
I am afraid but a deep freeze will not keep the temperature stable. Especially not the internal temperature of the regulation circuit. Also my fridge will run periodically. Another issue is that my experiment requires probably 10-20m distance from the laser to a mirror. Again something that I can not achieve with my fridge.
I think you have some of the answers…
1. Better Temperature control – Put it inside a polystyrene box to insulate from outside effects and leave the laser ON to acquire a thermal stability – the longer it is on the better stability – leave on for a day. Also because its in a insulating box it could keep the box at a stable temperature. Could you get arduiono to measure temp as well.
2. Yes get more measurements and use averaging to improve the measurement.
3. As mentioned if the laser is permanently ON how do you detect and measure time.
If you are going to use the blinkenlight detector you need to split the array of detector LEDS in two – one set/side becomes a reference and one set becomes the measure. You then need to split the laser light coherently maybe into two fibers off different length and then measure phase difference.
I am not saying that any of that was easy….but it maybe some of the way forward.
Its a very good project….
1) I will put this on my list.
2) Will also go to my list.
3) I want to detect time of flight in air. So I rather would not use fibers. Anyway phase difference is not what I am looking for as the wavelength of visible light is rather short.
Ok, understand step 3 is not what you need.
Out of interest, How far apart is the Laser and the blinken light detector?
Seems that wordpress does not allow me to answer your reply below. So here is my answer above 😉 I intend to vary the distance and then to apply linear regression techniques. That way I want to get rid of the (hopefully constant) latency and only determine the linear term that depends on the distance. Thus I want to infer the actual time of fligh per meter.
That’s interesting the way you are going to remove the launch delay on the light pulse. I had some thought about how you could remove the pulse launch delay.
I thought you could have had some trigger line.A trigger line that left the arduino and came back to it and which was the same cable length of the arduino to the laser. You are still left with some laser ON latency but it is reduced.
Are you going to be perform the measurement in the dark to stop the LED detector from being polluted by surrounding light?
Actually I will not do this in the dark. Either I will use red light (which is not picked up by the sensor) or I will put the sensor in a dark tube. This should be sufficient. The latency is not an issue because I will measure different distances. Thus by means of correlation I should be able to remove the latency from the equation.
Hi,
I’ve been thinking about this for a while. I saw a talk by Peter Centen on time of flight using Studio camera CCDs to measure time of flight with LEDs light sources. ( http://www.20203dmedia.eu/materials/CVMP2011_Centen_TOF_ppt.pdf )
One approach that I was thinking about is not to measure the time of flight directly but instead emit a known number of pulses, and count the replies. Obviously you’ll need to stop counting as soon as you send the last pulse. A 74HC390 can be clocked at 50MHz which should give you a 6 meter resolution (in theory, however you’ll probably want to emit pulses at 25 Mhz or less)
The hard part is getting an accurate/stable 50MHz clock.
This is really cool. However in my article I already state that I do not measure it directly in its literal sense. I will apply statistical means to figure out the speed. So I will have to measure for several distances and then to compute the speed. The direct measurement you cite is very exciting. However it goes far beyond what I attempt with my trivial setup. But very interesting indeed 🙂
Maybe if you use a semi reflectant mirror you just have to measure the time between the first and the second signal, you will be independent of the start time. Sorry for my english. I love your project.
Right now the TOFL experiment is somewhat on hold. Once I continue I will consider this.